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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Nonhuman DNA.

Eleanor A M Graham1

  • 1Forensic Pathology Unit, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, eamg1@le.ac.uk.

Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology
|April 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic DNA profiling, widely used in criminal investigations for over 20 years, is not limited to human genetics. Nonhuman DNA profiling offers untapped potential for future forensic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • DNA profiling has been a cornerstone of criminal investigation for over two decades.
  • Current forensic applications predominantly utilize human genetic material.
  • The principles of DNA profiling extend beyond the human genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the applicability of DNA profiling beyond human genetics.
  • To explore the forensic potential of nonhuman DNA markers.
  • To underscore the underutilization of nonhuman DNA in criminal investigations.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of conserved genetic markers across species.
  • Adaptation of human DNA profiling techniques for nonhuman samples.
  • Comparative analysis of genetic profiles from various animal species.

Main Results:

  • Genetic regions analogous to human forensic markers exist in numerous animal species.
  • Nonhuman DNA profiling has been successfully applied in a limited number of forensic cases.
  • Significant potential exists for expanding the use of nonhuman DNA in forensic science.

Conclusions:

  • DNA profiling technology is versatile and applicable to a wide range of species.
  • Nonhuman DNA offers a valuable, yet largely untapped, resource for forensic investigations.
  • Further research and development are needed to fully realize the potential of nonhuman DNA profiling in criminal justice.