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Related Concept Videos

Self-Regulation01:25

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Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Strategies of Self-Presentation II: Self-Verification01:17

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Self-verification is a fundamental psychological drive wherein individuals seek affirmation of their self-concept from others, striving for consistency between their internal self-view and external perceptions. This drive operates even when the self-concept is negative, influencing interpersonal behavior and feedback preferences in complex and often counterintuitive ways. Unlike the self-enhancement motive, which seeks positive evaluations, self-verification prioritizes coherence and...
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Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation01:30

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Self-evaluation is the process by which individuals assess their abilities, behaviors, and characteristics based on feedback from others. Charles H. Cooley observed that a person’s self-perception is primarily influenced by how others see and judge them. He suggested that individuals form their identities based on their interpretations of others' reactions. As a result, social interactions play a crucial role in shaping self-esteem and personal identity. These external evaluations often...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
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Eighty phenomena about the self: representation, evaluation, regulation, and change.

Paul Thagard1, Joanne V Wood2

  • 1Department of Philosophy, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Psychology
|April 15, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel framework for understanding the self, categorizing phenomena by function (representing, effecting, changing) and analyzing them across social, individual, neural, and molecular mechanisms.

Keywords:
mechanismsselfself-changeself-regulationself-representation

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sociology

Background:

  • The self is a complex construct studied across various disciplines.
  • Existing research often lacks a unified framework for categorizing self-related phenomena.
  • Understanding the multifaceted nature of the self requires integrating multiple levels of analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel, comprehensive approach for examining self-related phenomena.
  • To introduce a taxonomy categorizing approximately eighty self-related phenomena.
  • To emphasize the importance of multiple levels of interacting mechanisms in understanding the self.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a taxonomy for self-related phenomena based on three primary functions: representing, effecting, and changing.
  • Application of a multi-level analytical framework, considering social, individual, neural, and molecular mechanisms.
  • Illustration of the proposed approach through the examination of seven specific self-related phenomena.

Main Results:

  • The proposed taxonomy effectively categorizes diverse self-related phenomena.
  • The multi-level mechanism approach provides a richer understanding of self-processes.
  • The framework demonstrates applicability across various self-related aspects, from self-concept to self-development.

Conclusions:

  • The presented approach offers a structured and integrated way to study the self.
  • This framework facilitates interdisciplinary research on self-related phenomena.
  • Future research can utilize this taxonomy and multi-level analysis for deeper insights into the self.