Ethics in Research
Ethical Issues
Ethics and Bioethics
Ethical Standards II
Ethical Standards I
Ethical Dilemmas I
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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative
Published on: August 21, 2021
1Institute for History, Theory and Ethics in Medicine, Medical School MTI II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
New regulations are intensifying ethical debates in animal research. This review explores core ethical questions, animal rights, sentience, and various moral frameworks like utilitarianism and the three Rs principle.
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