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Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide

Published on: January 15, 2017

Acute stroke intervention: a systematic review.

Shyam Prabhakaran¹, Ilana Ruff¹, Richard A Bernstein¹

¹Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.

|April 15, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acute ischemic stroke treatment improved with mechanical thrombectomy for proximal artery occlusions. Early reperfusion, including intravenous thrombolysis and thrombectomy, is key for better patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Cardiovascular Medicine
Neurosurgery

Background:

Acute ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the US.
Timely reperfusion is critical for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the pathophysiology of acute brain ischemia and infarction.
To evaluate evidence for various stroke reperfusion treatments, including intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of MEDLINE (1990-2015).
Included randomized trials, observational studies, guidelines, and reviews.
Analyzed 68 articles covering 108,082 patients.

Main Results:

Intravenous thrombolysis (IV rtPA) is the standard for eligible patients within 4.5 hours.
Mechanical thrombectomy significantly improves outcomes for select patients with proximal artery occlusions.
Earlier reperfusion, by any method, correlates with better clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

IV rtPA remains the standard of care for acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours.
Endovascular therapy offers improved outcomes for specific patients with proximal artery occlusions.
Accelerating reperfusion therapy through organized stroke systems is essential.