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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

8.6K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Other Disorders of Digestive System01:30

Other Disorders of Digestive System

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The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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[Non-celiac gluten sensitivity].

Iva Hoffmanová, Daniel Sánchez

    Vnitrni Lekarstvi
    |April 16, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) involves gluten reactions without celiac disease or wheat allergy. Diagnosis requires excluding other conditions and confirming symptom improvement with a gluten-free diet.

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Immunology
    • Dietary Science

    Background:

    • Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is increasingly recognized within gluten-related disorders.
    • It presents with diverse gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms upon gluten ingestion.
    • NCGS is distinct from celiac disease and wheat allergy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current knowledge on the pathophysiology of NCGS.
    • To describe the clinical and epidemiological spectrum of NCGS.
    • To outline diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for NCGS.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of NCGS.
    • Discussion of diagnostic criteria, including exclusion of celiac disease and wheat allergy.
    Keywords:
    celiac disease - FODMAPs - gluten-free diet - gluten-related disorders - irritable bowel syndrome - non-celiac gluten sensitivity - wheat allergy.

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  • Emphasis on the gluten challenge for diagnostic confirmation.

    • Main Results:

    • NCGS is characterized by symptoms triggered by gluten in individuals without celiac disease or wheat allergy.
    • Currently, no specific serological marker exists for NCGS.
    • Diagnosis is established by exclusion and confirmed via a gluten challenge.

    Conclusions:

    • NCGS is a distinct clinical entity within the spectrum of gluten-related disorders.
    • Accurate diagnosis relies on a comprehensive exclusion process and dietary challenge.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate NCGS pathophysiology and establish definitive biomarkers.