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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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When our genome is targeted by pathogenic bacteria.

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Pathogenic bacteria can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in host cells, leading to genomic instability and potentially cancer. Understanding these bacterial mechanisms is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells constantly repair DNA lesions, with DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) being particularly hazardous.
  • DSBs naturally occur during immune system development and can be induced by external factors like radiation and chemicals.
  • Emerging evidence indicates pathogenic bacteria can also induce DSBs and other DNA modifications in host cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on bacteria-induced DNA damage.
  • To explore bacterial strategies for establishing and maintaining a niche within the host.
  • To highlight the link between infection, DNA damage, and genomic instability.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on bacterial genotoxicity.
  • Analysis of host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level.
  • Examination of DNA damage response pathways and their manipulation by bacteria.

Main Results:

  • Pathogenic bacteria can induce DSBs and other DNA lesions, compromising host genome integrity.
  • Bacterial infections can lead to "scars" on chromosomes, causing genomic instability.
  • Bacteria often manipulate the host cell cycle and DNA damage response, including p53 stability, to support their replication.
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) released during infection are a likely source of DNA breaks.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic or repeated infections by genotoxic bacteria are significant contributors to host DNA damage and genomic instability.
  • The interplay between DNA damage response and innate immunity is increasingly recognized.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms of bacteria-induced DNA lesions.