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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites
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Integrator: surprisingly diverse functions in gene expression.

David Baillat1, Eric J Wagner2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|April 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Integrator (INT) complex, crucial for UsnRNA maturation, is now found to regulate protein-coding gene transcription. This discovery broadens our understanding of gene expression regulation by the INT complex.

Keywords:
IntegratorRNAPII CTDUsnRNA processingpause-releasetranscriptional activation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • RNA Biosynthesis

Background:

  • The Integrator (INT) complex is essential for the maturation of UsnRNA.
  • Its role in UsnRNA biosynthesis and recruitment to UsnRNA genes is under active investigation.
  • Understanding INT complex function is key to deciphering gene expression regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the Integrator (INT) complex.
  • To explore the emerging roles of INT in protein-coding gene transcription.
  • To contextualize new findings within the known functions of INT at UsnRNA genes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on the Integrator (INT) complex.
  • Analysis of emerging data implicating INT in transcription initiation and RNAPII pause-release.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on INT function in UsnRNA and protein-coding gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding INT complex assembly, recruitment, and specificity.
  • New research suggests INT also regulates protein-coding gene transcription initiation and RNAPII pause-release.
  • Preliminary models exist for INT interaction with RNAPII CTD and UsnRNA gene recruitment.

Conclusions:

  • The Integrator (INT) complex plays a broader role in gene expression than previously thought.
  • INT's functions extend beyond UsnRNA maturation to include regulation of protein-coding gene transcription.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate INT's mechanisms and implications in gene regulation.