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Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

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Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Published on: July 9, 2015

Glycerol oxidation using gold-containing catalysts.

Alberto Villa¹, Nikolaos Dimitratos², Carine E Chan-Thaw¹

¹§Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133-I Milano, Italy.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|April 18, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Supported gold nanoparticles offer a promising catalytic solution for converting glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct, into valuable chemicals. These catalysts enhance selectivity, activity, and stability, paving the way for industrial applications.

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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

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Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Published on: November 27, 2013

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Green Chemistry
Biorefining

Background:

Glycerol is a significant byproduct of biodiesel production.
Its highly functionalized nature makes it a valuable platform chemical.
Developing efficient catalytic processes for glycerol valorization is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the use of supported gold-based nanoparticles for glycerol oxidation.
To address challenges in selectivity, activity, and reaction conditions.
To discuss catalyst preparation and influencing parameters.

Main Methods:

Utilizing supported gold nanoparticles and bimetallic nanoparticles (Au, Pd, Pt).
Investigating catalytic oxidation of glycerol under mild conditions.
Exploring base-free reaction conditions.

Main Results:

Supported gold nanoparticles significantly improve selectivity for oxygenated compounds.
Bimetallic nanoparticles enhance activity and selectivity control.
Base-free conditions enable production of free-base products.

Conclusions:

Supported gold-based nanoparticles are effective catalysts for glycerol oxidation.
Catalyst preparation, particle characteristics, and metal-support interactions are key.
These advancements facilitate industrial application of glycerol valorization.