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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
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Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
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Human norovirus as a foodborne pathogen: challenges and developments.

Matthew D Moore1, Rebecca M Goulter, Lee-Ann Jaykus

  • 1Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695;

Annual Review of Food Science and Technology
|April 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are a major cause of foodborne illness, presenting significant global health and economic challenges. This review covers recent advancements in understanding NoV evolution, transmission, and detection methods.

Keywords:
cell culturedetectionepidemiologyevolutioninfectivity

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the primary cause of foodborne illness globally.
  • NoVs present significant challenges due to their complex nature, earning them the nickname 'nearly perfect foodborne pathogen'.
  • Understanding NoV is crucial for mitigating widespread disease and economic impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of human norovirus (NoV) genetics.
  • To present recent developments and challenges in NoV research.
  • To cover key areas including viral evolution, transmission, epidemiology, outbreak identification, cultivation, and detection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications on human noroviruses.
  • Synthesis of information on viral evolution, transmission dynamics, and epidemiological trends.
  • Compilation of data on challenges and advancements in NoV cultivation, modeling, and detection techniques.

Main Results:

  • Human noroviruses exhibit complex genetic structures and rapid evolution.
  • Transmission routes and epidemiological patterns are multifaceted and challenging to control.
  • Recent progress has been made in developing better models and detection methods for NoVs.

Conclusions:

  • Human noroviruses remain a significant public health threat due to their adaptability and transmission efficiency.
  • Continued research into NoV evolution, epidemiology, and detection is essential for effective control strategies.
  • Addressing the challenges posed by NoVs requires integrated approaches across various scientific disciplines.