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Chemical Symbols

Chemical Symbols

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation that is used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. We use the same symbol to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language. Most symbols have one or two letters, but three-letter symbols have been used...

Nomenclature of Alkynes

Nomenclature of Alkynes

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of alkynes follows a set of rules similar to alkanes and alkenes; however, alkynes bear the suffix "-yne" instead of "-ane" or "-ene." There are two approaches to naming alkynes:

Naming Enantiomers

Naming Enantiomers

The naming of enantiomers employs the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules that involve assigning priorities to different substituent groups at a chiral center. Each enantiomer, being a distinct molecule, is assigned a unique name by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) rules, also called the R–S system. The prefix R- or S- attached to the chiral centers in an enantiomer is dependent on the spatial arrangement of the four substituents on the chiral center. The R–S system...

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

Like aldehydes, ketones are named using IUPAC rules; in this case, by replacing “e” in the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain with “one.” In acyclic ketones, the ketonic carbon is given the lowest locant value. For instance, as shown below, a simple five-carbon ketone is named pentan-2-one, instead of pentan-4-one. IUPAC rules also allow the placing of the locant value before the parent name to give an alternate name, 2-pentanone.

Nomenclature of Alkenes

Nomenclature of Alkenes

The IUPAC naming system for alkenes replaces -an- with -en- in the corresponding parent alkanes. Accordingly, a simple alkene replaces the -ane suffix of the alkane with -ene.
As per the IUPAC rules, the longest carbon chain containing the maximum number of double bonds is identified as the parent chain and is numbered such that the doubly bonded carbon atoms receive the lowest possible numbers. The location of the double bond is indicated by the number of its first carbon atom. In branched...

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Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by CopperI-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units

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Published on: September 18, 2016

Greetings from the planet croton.

Allyson Evans¹

¹Molecular Cell, Cell Press, 600 Technology Square, 5(th) Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

|April 18, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular metabolism impacts gene expression. Intracellular crotonyl-CoA levels directly influence histone crotonylation, a key epigenetic modification, revealing a new layer of gene regulation.

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Epigenetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Histone modifications regulate gene expression.
Histone crotonylation is an emerging epigenetic mark.
Cellular metabolic status can influence epigenetic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of intracellular crotonyl-CoA levels on histone crotonylation.
To elucidate the role of cellular metabolism in shaping the histone acylation landscape.
To understand the mechanisms linking metabolic pathways to gene expression control.

Main Methods:

Quantitative analysis of intracellular crotonyl-CoA.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) to assess histone crotonylation.
Gene expression profiling.

Main Results:

Intracellular crotonyl-CoA levels were found to directly correlate with global histone crotonylation.
Specific metabolic conditions led to significant changes in histone crotonylation patterns.
These alterations in histone crotonylation were associated with changes in gene expression.

Conclusions:

Intracellular crotonyl-CoA is a critical determinant of the histone acylation landscape.
Metabolic regulation of histone crotonylation provides a novel mechanism for controlling gene expression.
This study opens new avenues for understanding the interplay between metabolism and epigenetics.