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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Ethanol-Induced Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Block Applications for Promoting Canine Inferior Alveolar Nerve Regeneration Using an Artificial Nerve
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A basic review on the inferior alveolar nerve block techniques.

Hesham Khalil1

  • 1Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Anesthesia, Essays and Researches
|April 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The inferior alveolar nerve block is a common dental injection. This review details its anatomy, conventional and modified techniques, and potential complications, aiming to improve success rates and reduce failures.

Keywords:
Complicationsinferior alveolar nerve blocktechniques

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Anatomy
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • The inferior alveolar nerve block is a cornerstone injection technique in dentistry.
  • Numerous modifications to the conventional technique have emerged.
  • High failure rates (20-25%) necessitate awareness of optimal methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of inferior alveolar nerve block techniques.
  • To detail anatomical landmarks crucial for successful nerve blocks.
  • To discuss conventional and modified blocking approaches and associated complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical details of the inferior alveolar nerve.
  • Description of conventional inferior alveolar nerve block technique.
  • Description of modified inferior alveolar nerve block techniques.

Main Results:

  • Anatomical variations can influence technique selection and success.
  • Modified techniques may offer improved success rates and reduced complications.
  • Accurate landmark identification is critical to avoid technique failure.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding inferior alveolar nerve anatomy is essential for effective nerve blockade.
  • Dentists must be aware of current technique modifications to optimize patient care.
  • Addressing landmark identification challenges can significantly decrease block failure rates.