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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
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In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

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HIV-associated memory B cell perturbations.

Zhiliang Hu1, Zhenwu Luo2, Zhuang Wan3

  • 1Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.

Vaccine
|April 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease impairs memory B cells, leading to weakened vaccine responses. This review explores HIV-induced B cell changes and the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Keywords:
Anti-retroviral therapyHIVMemory B cellsVaccination

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Transduction and Expansion of Primary T Cells in Nine Days with Maintenance of Central Memory Phenotype

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is characterized by B cell perturbations, including memory B-cell depletion and hyperimmunoglobulinemia.
  • Impaired vaccine responses are a common consequence of these B cell alterations in HIV infection.
  • While B cells are not directly infected by HIV, their dysfunction is evident, potentially mediated by other cells or the virus itself.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the phenotypic and functional alterations of memory B cells in the context of HIV disease.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying HIV-associated B cell perturbations.
  • To examine the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on these B cell abnormalities.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on B cell alterations in HIV disease.
  • Analysis of published data on memory B cell phenotypes and functions in HIV-infected individuals.
  • Evaluation of studies investigating the impact of ART on B cell perturbations.

Main Results:

  • HIV infection leads to significant alterations in memory B cell phenotype and function.
  • Mechanisms driving these changes involve complex interactions within the immune system and direct/indirect effects of HIV.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) shows potential in mitigating some of the B cell perturbations observed in HIV disease.

Conclusions:

  • Memory B cell dysfunction is a critical feature of HIV disease, contributing to immunodeficiency and poor vaccine efficacy.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of these perturbations is crucial for developing targeted immunotherapies.
  • ART may play a role in restoring B cell homeostasis, although further research is warranted.