Newborn infant skin: physiology, development, and care

Area of Science:

• Neonatal dermatology
• Infant skin physiology
• Developmental biology

Background:

• Infant skin is vital for newborns transitioning from the womb.
• Skin development varies significantly between full-term and premature infants.
• The stratum corneum (SC) and vernix caseosa play key roles in skin barrier function.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review infant skin development, focusing on full-term and premature neonates.
• To elucidate the role of vernix caseosa in neonatal skin maturation.
• To discuss implications of skin development for epidermal penetration and infant skincare.

Main Methods:

• Integrative review of scientific literature on infant skin development.
• Analysis of the structural and functional characteristics of newborn skin.
• Examination of the protective and developmental roles of vernix caseosa.

Main Results:

• Full-term infant skin is well-developed at birth with a mature stratum corneum (SC) and low transepidermal water loss.
• Vernix caseosa actively promotes SC development in full-term infants via physical protection, antimicrobial effects, lipid provision, and hydration.
• Premature infants exhibit a compromised skin barrier, increasing risks of damage, infection, and enhanced permeability to exogenous substances.

Conclusions:

• Infant skin barrier function matures rapidly post-birth, but full maturation takes weeks to months.
• Vernix caseosa is essential for healthy skin development in full-term newborns.
• Understanding developmental changes is crucial for appropriate infant skincare, especially in the diaper area.