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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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Red-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using a ruthenium quaterpyridine complex.

E Rousset1, D Chartrand, I Ciofini

  • 1Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T-1J4, Canada. garry.hanan@umontreal.ca.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary

A novel ruthenium complex, [Ru(qpy)3](2+), is synthesized efficiently using microwave technology. This photosensitizer demonstrates superior hydrogen production compared to [Ru(bpy)3](2+) across a broad light spectrum.

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Ruthenium complexes are vital photosensitizers.
  • Efficient hydrogen production is crucial for sustainable energy.
  • Developing new photosensitizers with broad light absorption is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a new ruthenium-based photosensitizer, [Ru(qpy)3](2+).
  • To evaluate its photocatalytic efficiency for hydrogen production.
  • To compare its performance against established photosensitizers like [Ru(bpy)3](2+).

Main Methods:

  • High-temperature microwave synthesis of [Ru(qpy)3](2+).
  • Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution experiments.
  • Spectroscopic analysis of photosensitizer performance.

Main Results:

  • [Ru(qpy)3](2+) was synthesized in quantitative yield.
  • The complex exhibits photocatalytic activity from UV to red light.
  • It shows greater efficiency in H2 production than [Ru(bpy)3](2+).

Conclusions:

  • Microwave synthesis offers an efficient route to [Ru(qpy)3](2+).
  • [Ru(qpy)3](2+) is a promising photosensitizer for hydrogen production.
  • This complex offers advantages over [Ru(bpy)3](2+) due to its broad spectral response and efficiency.