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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Visualization of electrochemically driven solid-state phase transformations using operando hard X-ray

Linsen Li1, Yu-chen Karen Chen-Wiegart2, Jiajun Wang2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

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|April 21, 2015
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A new data analysis method allows nanoscale visualization of solid-state phase transformations in weakly absorbing materials. This study reveals insights into iron fluoride cathode dynamics, guiding the design of advanced lithium-ion batteries.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Solid-state phase transformations are vital for technological applications, but understanding them requires high-resolution in situ techniques.
  • Hard X-ray spectro-imaging has visualized electrochemical phase transformations but is limited to strongly absorbing, large samples.
  • Iron fluoride is a promising high-capacity conversion cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel data analysis method for operando visualization of weakly absorbing samples at the nanoscale.
  • To investigate the electrochemical reaction dynamics of iron fluoride conversion cathode materials.
  • To provide mechanistic insights for designing improved high-capacity battery materials.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a new data analysis approach for hard X-ray spectro-imaging.
  • Operando visualization of phase transformations in specially designed iron fluoride samples.
  • Nanoscale analysis of electrochemical reaction dynamics during battery cycling.

Main Results:

  • Homogeneous phase transformations were observed during both discharge and charge cycles in iron fluoride.
  • Porous polycrystalline iron fluoride exhibited faster and more complete lithium storage.
  • An incomplete charge reaction pathway, differing from previous understanding, was identified.

Conclusions:

  • The new data analysis method enables nanoscale operando visualization of weakly absorbing materials.
  • Mechanistic insights into iron fluoride conversion cathodes advance the understanding of lithium-ion battery performance.
  • Findings offer guidelines for designing next-generation high-capacity cathode materials.