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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Predictor variables for forward scapular posture including posterior shoulder tightness.

Ji-Hyun Lee1, Heon-seock Cynn1, Chung-Hwi Yi2

  • 1Applied Kinesiology and Ergonomic Technology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Won-ju, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of South Korea.

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
|April 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Forward scapular posture is strongly linked to pectoralis minor index, thoracic spine angle, and posterior shoulder tightness. These factors are key predictors for managing and preventing this common postural issue.

Keywords:
Forward scapular posturePosterior shoulder tightnessPredictor

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Forward scapular posture is a prevalent postural deviation.
  • Understanding its contributing factors is crucial for effective intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationships between forward scapular posture and specific anatomical and biomechanical measures.
  • To identify predictors of forward scapular posture, emphasizing posterior shoulder tightness.

Main Methods:

  • Eighteen subjects with forward scapular posture were recruited.
  • Objective measurements included acromion distance, pectoralis minor index, and serratus anterior muscle strength.
  • Posterior shoulder tightness was assessed via glenohumeral horizontal adduction and internal rotation.

Main Results:

  • A strong negative correlation was found between forward scapular posture and the pectoralis minor index.
  • Moderate positive correlation observed between forward scapular posture and thoracic spine angle.
  • Moderate negative relationship noted between forward scapular posture and glenohumeral horizontal adduction.

Conclusions:

  • The pectoralis minor index, thoracic spine angle, and posterior shoulder tightness are significant factors related to forward scapular posture.
  • A comprehensive model explained 93% of the variance in forward scapular posture.
  • These predictors are vital for the assessment, management, and prevention of forward scapular posture.