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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Lysosomes01:31

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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking
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BORC, a multisubunit complex that regulates lysosome positioning.

Jing Pu1, Christina Schindler1, Rui Jia1

  • 1Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Developmental Cell
|April 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A newly identified BORC complex regulates lysosome positioning by recruiting Arl8, promoting their movement to the cell periphery. This BORC-dependent transport is crucial for cell migration and spreading.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Organelle Biology

Background:

  • Lysosome positioning is critical for cellular functions.
  • The molecular mechanisms governing lysosome distribution remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel protein complexes involved in lysosome positioning.
  • To elucidate the function of these complexes in lysosomal trafficking and cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical purification and characterization of protein complexes.
  • Co-immunoprecipitation and yeast-two-hybrid assays to identify interacting proteins.
  • Live-cell imaging and microscopy to track lysosome movement.
  • Functional assays measuring cell spreading and migration.

Main Results:

  • Identification of the eight-subunit BORC complex that associates with lysosomes.
  • BORC recruits the GTPase Arl8, initiating kinesin-dependent lysosome transport.
  • Disruption of BORC leads to lysosome aggregation in the cell center.
  • Impaired BORC function reduces cell spreading and migration.

Conclusions:

  • The BORC complex is a key regulator of lysosome positioning.
  • BORC-dependent centrifugal transport of lysosomes is essential for non-degradative lysosomal functions, including cell migration.