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Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems01:28

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

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Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
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An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is...
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Hess's Law

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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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Trihalomethane hydrolysis in drinking water at elevated temperatures.

Xiao-Lu Zhang1, Hong-Wei Yang1, Xiao-Mao Wang1

  • 1State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Water Research
|April 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Trihalomethanes (THMs) in hot water decrease through hydrolysis, especially brominated types. Storing boiled water in containers shows initial THM formation followed by hydrolysis-driven reduction.

Keywords:
BoilingDisinfection by-products (DBPs)HydrolysisKineticsTrihalomethanes (THMs)

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Water Quality
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Trihalomethanes (THMs) are common disinfection by-products in drinking water.
  • Elevated temperatures can influence THM stability and speciation.
  • Understanding THM behavior during hot water storage is crucial for exposure assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hydrolysis of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water at elevated temperatures.
  • To determine the impact of storage conditions on THM concentrations in hot boiled water.
  • To evaluate the influence of water matrix components on THM hydrolysis rates.

Main Methods:

  • Studied THM hydrolysis in water samples with pH ranging from 6.1 to 8.2 and temperatures from 65 to 95°C.
  • Investigated the effects of halide ions, natural organic matter, and drinking water matrix.
  • Measured hydrolysis rates and activation energies for different THM species.

Main Results:

  • Hydrolysis rates decreased in the order: CHBrCl2 > CHBr2Cl > CHBr3 > CHCl3.
  • THM hydrolysis predominantly followed an alkaline pathway, with exceptions for CHCl3 at lower pH.
  • Natural organic matter reduced THM hydrolysis rates by over 50%; hydrolysis rate constants at 90°C were 10(-2)–10(-1) 1/h.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrolysis is a significant pathway for THM removal in hot stored drinking water.
  • Brominated THMs are more susceptible to hydrolysis than chlorinated THMs.
  • Consuming boiled water stored in enclosed containers can reduce exposure to THMs.