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Updated: Apr 14, 2026
Author Spotlight: Advancements in Molecular Biomarker Testing for Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Published on: September 8, 2023
Phenotypic heterogeneity of potentially curable non-small-cell lung cancer: cohort study with cluster analysis
Lama Sakr1, David Small1, Goulnar Kasymjanova2
1Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
Introduction:
Significant differences in outcome are observed among lung cancer patients belonging to the same tumor node metastasis stage, suggesting phenotypic heterogeneity beyond this staging algorithm. We used a cluster analysis approach to classify patients into distinct phenotypes, and we attempted to validate the clinical relevance of these phenotypes by comparing outcome.
Methods:
We formed a cohort of all stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer patients seen between January 2004 and October 2010 in a cancer center and followed until death or last follow-up appointment, with prospectively collected data on clinical and tumor characteristics. Multiple correspondence analysis was followed by hierarchical clustering to form homogenous clusters of patients. Overall survival and disease-free survival estimates were compared among clusters.
Results:
The cohort included 367 patients (mean follow-up of 2.5 years), 173 of whom died during that period (191 deaths per 1000 person-years). A four-cluster model was identified, revealing distinct phenotypes with respect to baseline characteristics. Hazard ratios for mortality were 8.1, 5.0, and 3.7 (all statistically significant) for clusters 2, 1, and 3, respectively, when compared with cluster 4-with the most favorable outcome.
Conclusion:
Staging of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer for prognostic purposes may be improved by considering phenotypes that exhibit significant differences in clinical course and outcome.
