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Red Queen dynamics in multi-host and multi-parasite interaction system.

Jomar F Rabajante1, Jerrold M Tubay1, Takashi Uehara2

  • 11] Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan [2] Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.

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Red Queen dynamics, characterized by alternating host-parasite dominance, are simulated in complex systems. Increasing host and parasite numbers shrink the conditions for these cycles, but specific parameters can sustain them.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • Host-parasite interactions drive evolutionary dynamics, often leading to cyclical changes in species dominance.
  • The Red Queen hypothesis posits continuous evolutionary arms races, resulting in alternating dominance patterns.
  • Previous models demonstrated Red Queen cycles with few species, but natural systems are more complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Red Queen dynamics in simulated host-parasite systems with numerous interacting species.
  • To identify conditions that promote or inhibit Red Queen cycles in complex ecological interactions.
  • To explore the impact of inter-host competition and parasite infectivity on cyclical dominance.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations were employed to model host-parasite interactions.
  • The study included over ten host and specialist parasite types, excluding super-hosts or super-parasites.
  • Parameters such as host carrying capacity and parasite mortality rates were systematically varied.

Main Results:

  • The parameter space supporting Red Queen cycles significantly contracts as the number of host and parasite types increases.
  • Interactions between host competition and parasite infectivity critically influence the emergence of Red Queen dynamics.
  • Sustained Red Queen cycles were observed under conditions of high host carrying capacity and intermediate parasite mortality rates.

Conclusions:

  • Red Queen dynamics are feasible in complex host-parasite systems, though less prevalent than in simpler models.
  • Ecological factors like competition and parasite traits are crucial in maintaining evolutionary cycles.
  • Specific environmental conditions, such as resource availability and parasite turnover, can lead to persistent Red Queen cycles.