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Sublimation

Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...

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Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

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Published on: August 3, 2013

Pharmaceutical spray freeze drying.

Stefan Wanning¹, Richard Süverkrüp¹, Alf Lamprecht²

¹Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

|April 23, 2015

Summary

Spray-freeze drying (SFD) offers versatile pharmaceutical applications, including solubility enhancement and advanced drug delivery systems. This review covers SFD methods, outcomes, and applications for various dosage forms and administration routes.

Keywords:

Lyophilisation Porous particles Protein formulations Pulmonary application Spray freeze drying Vaccination

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical technology
Materials science
Biomedical engineering

Background:

Spray-freeze drying (SFD) is a multifaceted technology.
It is crucial for enhancing drug solubility and enabling novel delivery routes.
SFD is adaptable to diverse pharmaceutical needs.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the objectives and methods of pharmaceutical SFD.
To analyze the physicochemical and pharmacological outcomes of SFD.
To explore SFD applications in drug delivery and vaccine administration.

Main Methods:

Droplet generation for precise particle formation.
Controlled freezing to achieve desired ice crystal structures.
Sublimation drying (lyophilization) to yield stable powders.

Main Results:

SFD enables significant apparent solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drugs.
It facilitates effective pulmonary drug delivery and intradermal administration.
Nasal vaccine delivery is a key application area for SFD.

Conclusions:

SFD is a highly adaptable technology for pharmaceutical formulation.
Its three-step process (droplet generation, freezing, sublimation) can be tailored.
SFD holds significant potential for advanced drug and vaccine delivery systems.