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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.5K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

17.8K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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T cell mediated pathogenesis in EAE: Molecular mechanisms.

Florian C Kurschus1

  • 1Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

Biomedical Journal
|April 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T cells drive multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by damaging the central nervous system (CNS). This review details the molecular mechanisms T cells use to harm the CNS in EAE.

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Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Cellular Pathology

Background:

  • T cells are key drivers of disease in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model for studying MS pathogenesis.
  • EAE involves T cell responses to myelin autoantigens, leading to central nervous system (CNS) damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the molecular effector mechanisms by which T cells cause CNS damage in EAE.
  • To elucidate the direct and indirect pathways of T cell-mediated pathology in this autoimmune model.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Focuses on molecular and cellular mechanisms of T cell effector functions in EAE.

Main Results:

  • T cells inflict CNS damage through direct mechanisms like cytokine release, granzyme-mediated killing, and glutamate excitotoxicity.
  • T cells also mediate indirect damage by activating other immune cells, including macrophages, B cells, and neutrophils.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding T cell effector mechanisms in EAE is crucial for developing targeted MS therapies.
  • Both direct and indirect molecular pathways contribute significantly to T cell-induced neuroinflammation and myelin destruction in EAE.