Dystrophin Dp71 gene deletion induces retinal vascular inflammation and capillary degeneration

We have previously shown that the deletion of the dystrophin Dp71 gene induces a highly permeable blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Given that BRB breakdown is involved in retinal inflammation and the pathophysiology of many blinding eye diseases, here we investigated whether the absence of Dp71 brings out retinal vascular inflammation and vessel loss by using specific Dp71-null mice. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods, was higher in the retina of Dp71-null mice than in wild-type mice. In contrast, no differences were observed in VEGFR-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. Moreover, mRNA expression of water channel, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) was increased after Dp71 deletion. The Dp71 deletion was also associated with the overexpression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, which is expressed on endothelial cells surface to recruit leukocytes. Consistent with these findings, the total number of adherent leukocytes per retina, assessed after perfusion with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A, was increased in the absence of Dp71. Finally, a significant increase in capillary degeneration quantified after retinal trypsin digestion was observed in mice lacking Dp71. These data illustrate for the first time that the deletion of Dp71 was associated with retinal vascular inflammation, vascular lesions with increased leukocyte adhesion and capillary degeneration. Thus, dystrophin Dp71 could play a critical role in retinal vascular inflammation disease, and therefore represent a potential therapeutic target.