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Related Concept Videos

From DNA to Protein03:06

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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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The Central Dogma01:20

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The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Updated: Apr 14, 2026

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ANT: Software for Generating and Evaluating Degenerate Codons for Natural and Expanded Genetic Codes.

Martin K M Engqvist, Jens Nielsen

    ACS Synthetic Biology
    |April 23, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Ambiguous Nucleotide Tool (ANT) generates and evaluates degenerate codons for DNA synthesis. This open-source Python application aids protein engineering and synthetic biology by creating diverse protein sequence libraries.

    Keywords:
    ambiguous nucleotidedegenerate codonmutagenesisprotein engineeringsoftwaresynthetic biology

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Bioinformatics
    • Synthetic Biology

    Background:

    • Degenerate codons represent DNA positions with multiple nucleotide alternatives.
    • These codons are crucial for generating diverse DNA and protein sequences in research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce the Ambiguous Nucleotide Tool (ANT), a desktop application for generating and evaluating degenerate codons.
    • To provide a flexible tool supporting custom genetic codes for synthetic biology applications.

    Main Methods:

    • ANT is a desktop application with a graphical user interface and an application programming interface.
    • It supports nonstandard, user-defined, and expanded genetic codes (translation tables).

    Main Results:

    • ANT facilitates the creation of protein sequence libraries using degenerate codons.
    • The tool is freely distributed as open-source Python code.

    Conclusions:

    • ANT offers an intuitive and flexible solution for degenerate codon generation and evaluation.
    • Its open-source nature and support for diverse genetic codes make it valuable for protein engineering and synthetic biology.