Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 14, 2026
10:31
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
Published on: May 2, 2025
843
Two urinary peptides associated closely with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Man Zhang1, Guangzhen Fu2, Ting Lei1
1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Plos One
|April 23, 2015
Summary
Researchers identified two urinary peptides, fragments of fibrinogen and prothrombin, that correlate with glucose control in type 2 diabetes. These biomarkers offer a noninvasive method for monitoring diabetes progression.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Proteomics
- Clinical Diagnostics
Background:
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management requires effective monitoring of glucose control.
- Current monitoring methods can be invasive or inconvenient.
- Identifying noninvasive biomarkers for T2DM is crucial for patient care.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify novel urinary peptides for noninvasive monitoring of type 2 diabetes.
- To correlate urinary peptide profiles with different stages of glycemic control in T2DM patients.
Main Methods:
- Urine samples collected from T2DM patients and healthy controls.
- Peptide enrichment using magnetic beads-based weak cation exchange chromatography (MB-WCX).
- Analysis via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and nano-LC-MS/MS for identification.
Main Results:
- Two up-regulated urinary peptides (m/z 2756.1 and m/z 3223.2) identified in T2DM subjects.
- Peptide levels correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.
- Peptide m/z 2756.1 identified as fibrinogen alpha chain precursor fragment; m/z 3223.2 as prothrombin precursor fragment.
Conclusions:
- Urinary peptides, specifically fibrinogen and prothrombin fragments, show potential as noninvasive biomarkers for T2DM.
- These biomarkers may facilitate monitoring of type 2 diabetes progression and glucose control stages.
Related Concept Videos
01:24Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists
1.4K
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
1.4K
01:23Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
1.1K
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
1.1K
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
6.3K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
6.3K
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
5.8K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
5.8K
01:27Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion
3.2K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
Insulin and C-peptide are...
3.2K
01:05Insulin Secretory Vesicles
7.6K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
7.6K