Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 14, 2026
06:38
Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria
Published on: December 8, 2023
1.8K
Typhoid fever vaccination strategies
Kashmira A Date1, Adwoa Bentsi-Enchill2, Florian Marks3
1Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA.
Vaccine
|April 23, 2015
Summary
Typhoid vaccination strategies using available vaccines are effective and feasible for disease control. Despite successes, typhoid vaccines remain underused, highlighting the need for optimized strategies, especially with new typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs).
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Vaccinology
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Background:
- Typhoid fever prevention relies on vaccination, recommended for endemic and outbreak settings.
- Current strategies utilize Vi polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) and oral Ty21a, with limited experience in disaster/outbreak scenarios.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and assess experiences with existing typhoid vaccination strategies.
- To inform future typhoid vaccination strategies, particularly with the advent of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs).
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of vaccination strategies categorized by disease control (preemptive/reactive) and delivery (routine/campaign/school-based).
- Evaluation of rationale, acceptability, effectiveness, impact, and implementation lessons.
Main Results:
- ViPS and Ty21a vaccines demonstrated acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness across various settings.
- Impact evidence was strongest in endemic areas; cost-effectiveness was observed in high-incidence settings.
- Limited program experience exists for newer TCVs, though they offer potential advantages like infant use and longer protection.
Conclusions:
- Existing typhoid vaccination strategies are successful but underutilized.
- Implementation lessons should guide the optimal use of TCVs for enhanced typhoid prevention and control.
- TCVs present significant advantages over older vaccines for future public health programs.
Related Concept Videos
01:51Vaccinations
54.6K
Overview
54.6K
01:21Vaccines
57
Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
57
01:28Pulmonary Tuberculosis V
926
Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
926
01:28Diphtheria
132
Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
132
01:26Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies
214
Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...
214
01:23Vaccine Production
94
Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
94