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Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the...
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Environmental enteric dysfunction: an overview.

Rosie J Crane, Kelsey D J Jones, James A Berkley

    Food and Nutrition Bulletin
    |April 24, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a common condition in low-income countries, linked to poor sanitation and infections. Further research is needed to understand its causes and effective treatments for child health.

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    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Pediatric Health
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a poorly understood condition affecting the small intestine, prevalent in low- and middle-income countries.
    • It involves intestinal inflammation, reduced nutrient absorption, and impaired barrier function, impacting both children and adults.
    • Current understanding of EED's health consequences remains limited.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a narrative review of the current knowledge on EED.
    • To cover its epidemiology, pathogenesis, potential therapies, and significance for child health.

    Main Methods:

    • Comprehensive literature searches were performed using PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO registry, and Cochrane Library.
    • References from retrieved articles were hand-searched, and expert opinions were consulted.
    • Personal field experience was also incorporated to inform the review.

    Main Results:

    • EED develops in infancy, associated with poor sanitation, gut infections, and micronutrient deficiencies.
    • Potential contributing factors include H. pylori, SIBO, dysbiosis, undernutrition, and toxins.
    • EED is often asymptomatic but linked to stunting, reduced vaccine efficacy, and increased infection risk in children.

    Conclusions:

    • The exact causes, treatments, and prevention strategies for EED remain unclear.
    • Ongoing research explores nutritional supplements, water/sanitation interventions, and immunomodulators.
    • Further investigation is crucial to understand EED's impact on child health and development in resource-limited settings.