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Updated: Apr 14, 2026
Gastric Mucosa Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis for Detecting Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic Resistance
Published on: March 7, 2025
Characterization of Gastric Cardia Tumors: Differences in Helicobacter pylori Strains and Genetic Polymorphisms
Débora Menezes da Costa1, Eliane Dos Santos Pereira, Isabelle Joyce de Lima Silva-Fernandes
1Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Street Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil, debora_mcosta@hotmail.com.
Background:
Gastric cancer results from a multifactorial process and is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. These tumors can arise in the distal stomach (non-cardia) and in the cardia region, presenting different characteristics and frequency of occurrence worldwide.
Aims:
To search for differences between tumors of different locations that could explain the presence of cardia tumors, considering Helicobacter pylori strains and genetic polymorphisms.
Materials And Methods:
DNA was extracted from gastric adenocarcinoma tissue of 127 patients. Helicobacter pylori genes were detected by PCR, and polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP.
Results:
Most of the tumors were located in non-cardia. The genotype 28152GA of XRCC1 showed an increase in risk of cardia tumors. In analysis performed considering gender, women carrying TNF-308GA genotype showed a decreased risk of non-cardia tumors, while in men the decreased risk of non-cardia tumors was associated with TNF-308GG genotype. Genotypes combinations showed that the SNPs RAD51 135G>C, XRCC3 18067C>T, and XRCC1 28152G>A had some combinations more frequent in cardia tumors, with an increased risk. Patients infected by cagE-positive strains presented a positive correlation with non-cardia tumors.
Conclusion:
The results showed some susceptibility differences between tumors of different locations. There was an increased risk relationship between three repair enzyme SNPs and cardia tumors, and the G allele of the cytokine gene TNF negatively influenced the development of non-cardia tumors. Helicobacter pylori strains seemed to be different in the cardia region, where they were less virulent than those located in the distal region of the stomach.
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