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Immune Cells and Metabolism.

Antonios Chatzigeorgiou1,2,3, Triantafyllos Chavakis4,5,6

  • 1Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. antonios.chatzigeorgiou@uniklinikum-dresden.de.

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Summary

Obesity causes low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) and liver, driven by immune cells like macrophages and CD8+ T cells, leading to metabolic dysfunction. Certain immune cells, like eosinophils, help maintain metabolic balance.

Keywords:
Adipose tissueInflammationInsulin resistanceLiverLymphocytesMacrophagesNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)T-regulatory cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Obesity Research

Background:

  • Low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) and liver is central to obesity-related metabolic dysregulation, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • Immune cells, including myeloid and lymphoid populations, infiltrate and expand in AT and liver due to excessive nutrient intake, worsening tissue inflammation.
  • Macrophages are key players, shifting from an M2-alternatively activated state to an M1-inflammatory state in obese AT, secreting cytokines that induce insulin resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diverse roles of immune cells in regulating the homeostasis of metabolic tissues.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which immune cell infiltration and polarization contribute to obesity-related metabolic dysfunction.
  • To highlight the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses in metabolic health.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on immune cell involvement in metabolic tissues during obesity.
  • Analysis of immune cell populations (macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, T-regulatory cells) and their functional states (M1/M2 polarization).
  • Examination of the impact of immune cells on adipocytes and hepatocytes, and their contribution to insulin resistance and metabolic homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Obesity promotes a pro-inflammatory milieu in AT and liver, characterized by M1 macrophage and CD8+ T cell infiltration.
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by M1 macrophages contribute to insulin resistance in adipocytes.
  • While some immune cells exacerbate inflammation, others like eosinophils and T-regulatory cells, when present, help maintain metabolic balance and ameliorate inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Immune cell populations critically regulate metabolic homeostasis in adipose tissue and the liver.
  • The balance between inflammatory (M1 macrophages, CD8+ T cells) and regulatory (eosinophils, T-regs) immune cells dictates metabolic health outcomes in obesity.
  • Understanding these immune-metabolic interactions is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies against obesity-related diseases.