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Verbal Memory Function in Intellectually Well-Functioning Adults With ADHD: Relations to Working Memory and Response

Astri J Lundervold1,2, Helene Barone Halleland1,2,3, Erlend Joramo Brevik1

  • 11 Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.

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Adults with ADHD show deficits in verbal memory, learning, and recall. Working memory and response inhibition partially explain these differences, highlighting the need for comprehensive ADHD evaluations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting executive functions.
  • Verbal memory, working memory (WM), and response inhibition (RI) are critical cognitive domains often affected in ADHD.
  • Understanding the interplay between these functions is crucial for effective assessment and intervention in adults with ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between verbal memory, WM, and RI in adults diagnosed with ADHD.
  • To determine the extent to which WM and RI contribute to verbal memory deficits in this population.
  • To explore potential interactions between ADHD status and executive functions (EF) in verbal memory performance.

Main Methods:

  • Participants included adults with ADHD (n=74) and a control group, all with normal to high intellectual function (IQ).
  • Verbal memory was assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II).
  • Working memory was measured by the Paced Serial Addition Test, and response inhibition by the Color-Word Interference Test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System).

Main Results:

  • Adults with ADHD demonstrated significantly lower scores in learning, recall, and immediate memory compared to controls on the CVLT-II.
  • Working memory and response inhibition accounted for a significant portion of the variance in verbal memory performance across both groups.
  • A significant interaction effect between ADHD status and executive function was observed for measures of intrusions and false positive responses during verbal memory recognition tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Verbal memory performance shows only a partial overlap with executive functions in intellectually capable adults with ADHD.
  • Executive functions, including working memory and response inhibition, play a role in verbal memory deficits observed in ADHD.
  • Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations for adults with ADHD should include assessments of both executive functions and verbal memory.