Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...

Blinding

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.

Preclinical Development: Overview

Preclinical Development: Overview

Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Life-threatening pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure complicating calcium and phosphate replacement in the intensive care unit.

Anaesthesia·2006

Same author

Improving patients' safety locally: changing clinician behaviour.

Lancet (London, England)·2004

Same author

Papaverine angioplasty to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Anaesthesia and intensive care·2003

Same author

Severe traumatic brain injury.

Resuscitation·2001

Same author

Auditing trauma outcomes: Australia needs a national approach.

The Medical journal of Australia·1999

Same author

Barbiturate coma for severe, refractory vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Intensive care medicine·1999

Same journal

Audit of procedural sedation complications using a novel digital application.

British journal of anaesthesia·2026

Same journal

Social deprivation and morbidity and mortality after surgery. Comment on Br J Anaesth 2025; 135: 1193-1202.

British journal of anaesthesia·2026

Same journal

Single-dose intraoperative methadone and QTc interval: a prospective observational cohort investigation.

British journal of anaesthesia·2026

Same journal

Postoperative outcomes in older patients with postoperative delirium in the UK: timing of postoperative delirium screening in the SNAP-3 study. Comment on Br J Anaesth 2026; 136: 1578-87.

British journal of anaesthesia·2026

Same journal

Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and dose optimisation of ciprofol in paediatric anaesthesia.

British journal of anaesthesia·2026

Same journal

Global environmental and geo-economic impact of conservative versus liberal oxygen strategies in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: an ecological country-level analysis.

British journal of anaesthesia·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

Flawed assumptions about clinical trials

¹NSW, Australia.

British Journal of Anaesthesia

|April 24, 2015

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

More Related Videos

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

Published on: May 27, 2022

Author Spotlight: Methodologies and Advancements of Chronic Pain Management Research

Author Spotlight: Methodologies and Advancements of Chronic Pain Management Research

Published on: January 5, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 14, 2026

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

Published on: May 27, 2022

Author Spotlight: Methodologies and Advancements of Chronic Pain Management Research

Author Spotlight: Methodologies and Advancements of Chronic Pain Management Research

Published on: January 5, 2024