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Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Red Deer - Experimental Infection and Test Methods Performance.

R Kittelberger1, C Nfon2, K Swekla2

  • 1Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
|April 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study evaluated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) diagnostic tests in red deer. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and specific ELISAs showed high sensitivity and specificity for FMD detection in this species.

Keywords:
ELISAPCRdeerfoot-and-mouth diseaseinfectionsensitivityserotype Ospecificitytest method

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Animal Diagnostics
  • Wildlife Disease Surveillance

Background:

  • Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) poses a significant threat to livestock and wildlife.
  • Accurate diagnostic methods are crucial for controlling FMD outbreaks in susceptible species like red deer.
  • Limited data exists on the efficacy of various FMD diagnostic assays in red deer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of multiple FMD diagnostic tests in experimentally infected red deer.
  • To assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and various ELISA formats for FMDV detection in red deer.

Main Methods:

  • Red deer were intranasally inoculated with FMDV O UKG 11/2001 and monitored for clinical signs.
  • Samples including blood, serum, oral swabs, nasal swabs, and lesion swabs were collected over 4 weeks.
  • Various diagnostic assays were employed, including rRT-PCR, non-structural protein (NSP) ELISAs, and virus neutralization tests (VNT).
  • Diagnostic specificity (DSP) was assessed using serum and nasal swab samples from non-infected animals.

Main Results:

  • Only one deer developed clinical signs and tested positive by rRT-PCR and NSP-ELISAs.
  • Antibody responses were detected by VNT and several SPO-ELISAs in both initially infected and re-inoculated deer.
  • The most sensitive rRT-PCRs and ELISAs demonstrated high diagnostic specificities (100% for rRT-PCR, 99.8-100% for ELISAs) in non-infected animals.

Conclusions:

  • Real-time RT-PCR and specific commercial ELISAs are highly sensitive and specific for detecting FMDV infection in red deer.
  • These validated assays are suitable for FMD surveillance and diagnosis in red deer populations.
  • Further research may be warranted to optimize detection methods for early-stage infections or subclinical cases.