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Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Bias01:22

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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According to the law of conservation of energy, any transition between kinetic and potential energy conserves the total energy of the system. Hence, the work done by a conservative force is completely reversible. It is path independent, which means that we can start and stop at any two points in the transition, and the total energy of the system (kinetic plus potential energy at these points) will remain conserved. This is characteristic of a conservative force. Some important examples of...
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Conservative forces are an essential concept in the field of mechanical engineering. Understanding the properties and characteristics of these forces is crucial to the design and analysis of mechanical systems.
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A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is...
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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More on SUPPORT: the controversy continues.

Ruth Macklin1

  • 1Professor of Bioethics, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 United States,. ruth.macklin@einstein.yu.edu.

Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
|April 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Informed consent in clinical trials requires full disclosure of randomization and comprehensive risks. This ensures ethical research and informed patient participation in comparative effectiveness research (CER).

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Ethics
  • Clinical Trial Design
  • Patient Advocacy

Background:

  • The SUPPORT clinical trial highlighted controversies surrounding informed consent.
  • Debates exist regarding the extent of disclosure in clinical trials, particularly those involving standard of care treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for comprehensive disclosure in informed consent processes for clinical trials.
  • To address the ethical implications of non-disclosure of randomization and risks in comparative effectiveness research (CER).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the informed consent controversy in the SUPPORT clinical trial.
  • Review of arguments for and against full disclosure of randomization and risks in CER.

Main Results:

  • Bandewar's article effectively outlines the informed consent debate.
  • Disclosure of randomization may increase patient refusal to participate in trials.

Conclusions:

  • Full disclosure of randomization is essential in "standard of care" clinical trials.
  • Comprehensive disclosure of risks is crucial for ethical comparative effectiveness research (CER).
  • Concerns about participant recruitment may drive arguments for limited disclosure in CER.