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Trunk kinematics and muscle activities during arm elevation.

Kazuhiro Takahashi1, Takehiko Yamaji, Naoki Wada

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan.

Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association
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PubMed
Summary

Trunk muscle activity during arm elevation varies with speed, with erector spinae (ES) crucial for rapid movements and anterior muscles stabilizing the upper limb. Trunk muscles coordinate to aid scapular movement.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science
  • Kinesiology

Background:

  • Trunk movement is integral to arm elevation, but trunk muscle activation patterns across different arm elevation speeds remain incompletely understood.
  • Investigating trunk muscle roles in arm elevation kinematics is essential for a comprehensive understanding of upper body movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze trunk muscle activities during arm elevation at varying speeds.
  • To determine the contribution of trunk muscles to trunk kinematics during arm elevation.

Main Methods:

  • Surface electromyography (EMG) recorded activity of external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), rectus abdominis (RA), and erector spinae (ES) muscles.
  • Three-dimensional motion analysis captured arm and trunk kinematics in 22 healthy subjects performing arm elevation at three distinct speeds.

Main Results:

  • In slow movements, contralateral trunk muscles (left ES, right EO, left IO) showed increased activity in the late phase.
  • Fast arm elevation led to early augmentation of bilateral ES activity, with left ES and right EO showing greater activation compared to contralateral muscles.
  • Consistent trunk extension, lateral flexion, and rotation occurred during arm elevation, independent of speed.

Conclusions:

  • Bilateral erector spinae (ES) activation is vital for generating back-extension torque, particularly in the initial phase of rapid arm elevation.
  • Anterior trunk muscles likely provide anterior force to counteract the upper limb's center of mass backward motion during the late phase.
  • Coordinated trunk muscle action, including rotation, may facilitate scapular positioning for optimal arm elevation.