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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
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Urinary cysteinyl progestogens: Occurrence and origin.

Josep Marcos1, Marta Pol2, Andreu Fabregat2

  • 1Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|April 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two novel cysteinyl progestogens, 16-cysteinyl-progesterone and 16-cysteinyl-pregnenolone, were identified in human urine. Their adrenal and ovarian origins were confirmed, suggesting potential for noninvasive progesterone biosynthesis testing.

Keywords:
Adrenal glandsCysteinylGonadsMass spectrometryPlacentaProgestogen

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolomics
  • Urine analysis

Background:

  • Cysteinyl progestogens are novel steroid metabolites.
  • Their physiological origins and roles are largely unknown.
  • Accurate assessment of progesterone biosynthesis is clinically important.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel cysteinyl progestogens in human urine.
  • To elucidate the origins of 16-cysteinyl-progesterone (16-Cys-Prog) and 16-cysteinyl-pregnenolone (16-Cys-Preg).
  • To explore the potential for a noninvasive diagnostic test for progesterone biosynthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Mass spectrometry for identification and quantification.
  • Hormone level analysis following ACTH stimulation.
  • Circadian rhythm analysis of hormone levels.
  • In vitro studies using hepatocytes.

Main Results:

  • 16-Cys-Prog and 16-Cys-Preg were identified in human urine.
  • Adrenal origin confirmed by ACTH stimulation and circadian variation.
  • Ovarian origin suggested for 16-Cys-Prog during the luteal phase.
  • Placental and hepatic pathways for 16-Cys-Prog synthesis were ruled out.

Conclusions:

  • 16-Cys-Prog and 16-Cys-Preg are adrenal and ovarian metabolites.
  • The liver does not synthesize these cysteinyl progestogens.
  • These findings pave the way for a noninvasive test to assess progesterone production from different organs.