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Related Concept Videos

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Nuclear Fission

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Neutrino oscillation studies with reactors.

P Vogel1, L J Wen2, C Zhang3

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Nuclear reactors are vital neutrino sources, crucial for understanding neutrino oscillations and properties. Future research using reactors will determine neutrino mass hierarchy and investigate sterile neutrinos.

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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Nuclear Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Nuclear reactors provide intense, pure, and controllable neutrino sources.
  • Neutrinos exhibit oscillations, indicating mass and quantum mechanical flavor mixing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical and future role of nuclear reactors in neutrino physics.
  • To highlight reactor contributions to understanding neutrino properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing nuclear reactors as primary neutrino sources for experiments.
  • Analyzing neutrino oscillation data from reactor-based experiments.

Main Results:

  • Reactors were instrumental in discovering neutrinos and solving the solar neutrino problem.
  • Reactor experiments determined the smallest neutrino mixing angle, θ13.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear reactors are essential tools for neutrino physics research.
  • Future reactor experiments will elucidate neutrino mass hierarchy and sterile neutrino existence.