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Reversing expectations during discourse comprehension.

Ming Xiang1, Gina Kuperberg2

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The connective "even so" helps readers predict events by reversing expectations, indicated by brainwave patterns (N400). This predictive processing comes with cognitive costs when predictions fail.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Understanding how language connectives influence predictive processing is crucial for psycholinguistics.
  • The role of discourse connectives like 'even so' in shaping reader expectations and cognitive load is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the connective 'even so' facilitates predictive processing during language comprehension.
  • To examine the semantic and pragmatic contributions of 'even so' to event prediction and its neural correlates.

Main Methods:

  • Two event-related potential (ERP) experiments were conducted.
  • Participants read coherent and incoherent scenarios with and without the connective 'even so'.
  • Neural activity (N400, P600, anterior negativity) was measured during coherence ratings and comprehension questions.

Main Results:

  • The semantic function of 'even so' reversed real-world predictions, attenuating the N400 effect between coherent and incoherent targets.
  • The pragmatic function of 'even so' further enhanced predictive processing, leading to greater N400 attenuation.
  • Processing costs associated with failed predictions included later posterior positivity and/or anterior negativity effects.

Conclusions:

  • The connective 'even so' plays a significant role in predictive language processing, influencing both semantic and pragmatic aspects of comprehension.
  • 'Even so' aids readers by facilitating event prediction, but also incurs cognitive costs when predictions are violated.
  • ERP findings reveal distinct neural signatures for the semantic and pragmatic functions of 'even so' and the detection of prediction errors.