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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

4.3K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Stepping inside the realm of epigenetic modifiers.

Roy Blum

    Biomolecular Concepts
    |April 28, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Eukaryotic cells possess sophisticated gene expression regulation for cell differentiation and lineage stability. Epigenetic modifications in chromatin enable cells to memorize and transmit transcriptional states across generations.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Cell Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Gene expression regulation is crucial for cellular function and adaptation.
    • Multicellular eukaryotes exhibit complex gene regulation for cell differentiation.
    • Maintaining lineage commitment requires heritable transcriptional memory.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the mechanisms of epigenetic memory in eukaryotic gene regulation.
    • To understand how differentiated cells maintain their specialized states.
    • To investigate the role of chromatin modifications in transmitting cellular identity.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of DNA and histone modifications.
    • Study of histone variant replacement and chromatin remodeling factors.

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  • Investigation of noncoding transcripts and associated complexes.

    • Main Results:

    • Eukaryotic chromatin's epigenetic modifications enable cellular plasticity and molecular memory.
    • Covalent DNA and histone modifications are key epigenetic regulators.
    • Histone variants, remodeling factors, and noncoding RNAs contribute to epigenetic control.

    Conclusions:

    • Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for maintaining differentiated cell states and lineage commitment.
    • Multifunctional complexes, including transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers, dictate transcriptional programs.
    • The same DNA sequence serves as a substrate for diverse lineage-specific transcriptional programs through epigenetic regulation.