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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra
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The accuracy of a method for printing three-dimensional spinal models.

Ai-Min Wu1, Zhen-Xuan Shao1, Jian-Shun Wang1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spinal Research Center, 109# Xue Yuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.

Plos One
|April 28, 2015
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Summary

3D printed spinal models accurately replicate human spine morphology. This cost-effective method offers a viable alternative to cadavers for surgical research and fixation technique development.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Anatomical Modeling

Background:

  • Cadaveric specimens are essential for spinal morphology research and developing new fixation methods.
  • Limited body donation rates in many countries create a scarcity of cadaveric specimens.
  • The morphological accuracy of 3D printed spinal models has not been previously established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a protocol for creating accurate 3D printed models of the human spine.
  • To assess the morphological accuracy of these 3D printed models compared to original CT scans.
  • To determine the utility of 3D printed models as an alternative for spinal research.

Main Methods:

  • Computed tomography (CT) scans of 45 human spines (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) were acquired.
  • Key spinal parameters were measured from CT data and subsequently from 3D printed models generated using Mimics and Cura software.
  • Statistical analysis, including paired t-tests and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), was performed to compare measurements.

Main Results:

  • High morphological accuracy was observed in the 3D printed spinal models.
  • Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values exceeded 0.800 for 88.6% (cervical), 90% (thoracic), and 94% (lumbar) of measured parameters.
  • All ICC values were above 0.600, indicating good to excellent agreement between the original scans and the 3D printed models.

Conclusions:

  • A reliable protocol for generating accurate 3D printed spinal models has been developed.
  • These 3D printed models offer an inexpensive and accessible resource for spinal fixation research.
  • The findings support the use of 3D printed models as a valuable alternative to cadaveric specimens in anatomical and surgical studies.