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Muscles for Facial Expressions

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry

Published on: December 9, 2025

Pertinent anatomy and analysis for midface volumizing procedures.

Christopher C Surek¹, Javier Beut, Robert Stephens

¹Kansas City, Kan.; New York, N.Y.; Independence, Mo.; and Palma de Mallorca, Spain From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center; the Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences; the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York University; private practice; and Instituto Dr. Beut.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

|April 29, 2015

Summary

This study developed a safe, anatomically based midfacial analysis for nonsurgical rejuvenation. It identifies key injection zones and potential adverse event areas for precise facial contouring.

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Area of Science:

Anatomy
Aesthetics
Facial Rejuvenation

Background:

Nonsurgical midfacial rejuvenation requires precise anatomical understanding.
Current techniques lack standardized, anatomically derived guidelines for safe and effective injections.

Purpose of the Study:

To create an anatomically inspired midfacial analysis for safe and accurate nonsurgical rejuvenation.
To define specific injection target areas and identify zones associated with adverse events.

Main Methods:

Dissection of twelve fresh hemifacial cadavers.
Layered dissection to measure distances between midfacial fat compartments, prezygomatic space, mimetic muscles, and neurovascular bundles.
Development of a topographic analysis for clinical injection guidance.

Main Results:

A longitudinal line partitions the cheek into aesthetic regions, aiding in defining injection points.
A six-step analysis identifies three target zones and two adverse event zones.
Specific anatomical landmarks correlate with potential complications like jowling and infraorbital artery injury.

Conclusions:

The developed stepwise analysis provides a reproducible method for identifying midfacial target and adverse event zones.
This approach enhances safety and accuracy in nonsurgical midface volumizing procedures.
The method supports both procedural application and record-keeping for consistent outcomes.