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Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is an immunosuppressive cytokine that regulates immune responses. Emerging research highlights its potential in treating autoimmune diseases and cancer by targeting regulatory T cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Immune homeostasis relies on regulatory cells and cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β.
  • Interleukin-35 (IL-35), initially predicted as immunomodulatory, was identified in 2007 as a Treg-restricted inhibitory cytokine.
  • IL-35 plays a role in Treg development and function, with its suppressive activities observed in autoimmune and cancer models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of IL-35 biology, including its discovery, mechanisms, and cellular sources.
  • To explore the emerging cellular sources of IL-35 beyond Tregs, such as Bregs and CD8(+) Tregs.
  • To discuss the translational potential of IL-35, especially in cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on IL-35.
  • Analysis of research on regulatory T cells (Tregs), Bregs, and CD8(+) Tregs.
  • Exploration of IL-35's mechanisms of action and targets.

Main Results:

  • IL-35 suppresses immune responses primarily by inhibiting proliferation and inducing iTr35 cells.
  • New cellular sources of IL-35, including Bregs and CD8(+) Tregs, are being identified.
  • IL-35 demonstrates therapeutic promise in preclinical models of autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • IL-35 is a critical immunosuppressive cytokine with expanding biological insights.
  • Targeting IL-35 offers a promising strategy for modulating immune responses in various diseases.
  • The potential of IL-35 in cancer immunotherapy is significant due to its ability to target multiple immunosuppressive cell populations.