Innate and adaptive immune functions of peyer's patch monocyte-derived cells

Peyer's patches (PPs) are primary inductive sites of mucosal immunity. Defining PP mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is thus crucial to understand the initiation of mucosal immune response. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the phenotype, distribution, ontogeny, lifespan, function, and transcriptional profile of PP MPS. We show that monocytes give rise to macrophages and to lysozyme-expressing dendritic cells (LysoDCs), which are both involved in particulate antigen uptake, display strong innate antiviral and antibacterial gene signatures, and, upon TLR7 stimulation, secrete IL-6 and TNF, but neither IL-10 nor IFNγ. However, unlike macrophages, LysoDCs display a rapid renewal rate, strongly express genes of the MHCII presentation pathway, and prime naive helper T cells for IFNγ production. Our results show that monocytes differentiate locally into LysoDCs and macrophages, which display distinct features from their adjacent villus counterparts.