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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetic and transgenerational reprogramming of brain development.

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Epigenetic processes regulate brain development and adapt organisms to environmental challenges. These epigenetic changes can even influence future generations before conception.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Neurodevelopmental programming relies on precise regulation of gene expression.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms fine-tune brain development and lifelong responses to environmental exposures.
  • The epigenome can be reprogrammed by environmental factors, impacting adaptability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of epigenetic processes in neurodevelopmental programming.
  • To understand how environmental challenges influence epigenetic modifications.
  • To investigate the intergenerational effects of epigenetic changes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transcriptional regulation during neurodevelopment.
  • Examination of epigenetic modifications in response to prenatal and postnatal exposures.
  • Investigation of germline epigenetic inheritance.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic processes are crucial for coordinating gene expression during brain development.
  • Environmental factors like maternal stress can alter the epigenome, affecting adaptation.
  • Epigenetic marks in germ cells can impact offspring development prior to conception.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic regulation is fundamental to normal neurodevelopment and adaptation.
  • Environmental influences on the epigenome have profound, lasting effects on individuals and potentially future generations.