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Single nucleoprotein residue modulates arenavirus replication complex formation.

Kristeene A Knopp1, Tuan Ngo1, Paul D Gershon1

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Old World arenaviruses, like LCMV, use eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in their replication complexes, unlike New World arenaviruses. Nucleoprotein phosphorylation is crucial for forming these replication complexes and regulating viral replication.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Arenaviridae are enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses responsible for hemorrhagic fevers.
  • Replication and transcription complexes (RTC) are essential for arenavirus replication, nucleated by the viral nucleoprotein (NP).
  • Key differences exist between Old World and New World arenaviruses, impacting their replication strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in Old World arenavirus replication.
  • To identify and characterize critical residues in the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein (NP) involved in RTC formation and viral replication.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms governing arenavirus RTC formation and viral translation.

Main Methods:

  • Immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize RTC colocalization with eIF4E.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis of LCMV NP residues.
  • Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for phosphorylation analysis.
  • Minigenome reporter assays and Northern blot analysis to assess viral RNA transcription and replication.

Main Results:

  • LCMV RTC colocalize with eIF4E, suggesting its involvement in viral mRNA translation, a feature not observed in New World arenaviruses.
  • Two conserved NP residues (Y125 and T206) were identified as critical for recombinant LCMV recovery.
  • Phosphorylation of NP Y125 was confirmed, and NP T206 was found essential for punctate RTC formation.
  • While NP T206A mutants could transcribe and replicate, translation was inhibited, indicating RTC formation's role in regulating viral replication.

Conclusions:

  • Old World and New World arenaviruses exhibit distinct mechanisms for replication complex formation and host factor utilization.
  • Phosphorylation of specific NP residues, particularly T206, is crucial for the formation of functional RTC and regulation of viral replication.
  • RTC formation and translation priming are vital for efficient viral replication in Old World arenaviruses.