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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

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The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
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A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors

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Sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism: A structural perspective.

Michael J Pulkoski-Gross1, Jane C Donaldson2,3, Lina M Obeid2,3,4

  • 1a Department of Pharmacological Sciences and.

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|April 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sphingolipids are key signaling lipids involved in cellular processes and diseases like cancer. Structural biology advances are enabling the development of targeted enzyme inhibitors for potential cancer therapeutics.

Keywords:
Sphingolipid metabolismsphingosine kinasessphingosine-1-phosphatesphingosine-1-phosphate receptorsstructural biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Sphingolipids are bioactive signaling lipids crucial for cellular functions.
  • Aberrant sphingolipid metabolism is implicated in disease pathogenesis, particularly cancer.
  • Targeting sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes has led to therapeutic inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of structural biology in understanding sphingolipid enzyme regulation.
  • To facilitate the development of more potent and specific inhibitors for sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes.
  • To focus on the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway for therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Structural determination of sphingolipid enzymes and effector proteins.
  • Investigating protein structures involved in S1P pathway regulation.
  • Utilizing structural data for inhibitor design.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in determining structures of enzymes within the sphingolipid pathway.
  • The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) arm is well-characterized structurally.
  • Structural insights are guiding the development of novel inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • Structural biology is pivotal for elucidating sphingolipid enzyme mechanisms.
  • Understanding S1P pathway protein structures aids in designing targeted therapeutics.
  • This approach holds promise for developing new cancer treatments.