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Optimal Foraging

Optimal Foraging

How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

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Modelling Pasture-based Automatic Milking System Herds: Grazeable Forage Options.

M R Islam¹, S C Garcia¹, C E F Clark¹

¹Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

|May 1, 2015

Summary

Sustainable forage options for automatic milking systems (AMS) were simulated. Maize-based rotations yielded the most forage, offering potential to increase milk production by reducing walking distances and milking intervals.

Keywords:

Agricultural Production Systems Simulator Automatic Milking System Dairy Forage Options Forage Rotations

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Area of Science:

Agricultural Science
Agronomy
Animal Science

Background:

Increasing milk production in pasture-based herds with automatic milking systems (AMS) is challenged by forage availability within a 1-km radius.
Extended walking distances for cows increase milking intervals and reduce overall yield.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore sustainable forage options for AMS herds.
To identify technologies that supply high amounts of grazeable forages.
To utilize the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSSIM) model for this exploration.

Main Methods:

Simulated three forage crop rotations (maize, soybean, sorghum) for the spring-summer period with irrigation.
Included subsequent forage rape over-sown with ryegrass in all scenarios.
Utilized historical climatic data from 1900 to 2010 for simulations.

Main Results:

Simulated highest forage yields were 28.2 t dry matter/ha for maize, 22.9 t dry matter/ha for soybean, and 19.3 t dry matter/ha for sorghum-based rotations.
Irrigation requirements varied significantly under different climate scenarios (El Niño, neutral, La Niña years).
Maize-based rotations showed the highest forage yield potential.

Conclusions:

APSIM models can identify optimal forage options to maximize grazeable yield near AMS.
Growing more forage closer to AMS can minimize walking distance and milking intervals, potentially increasing milk production.
Simulation analysis offers decision support for managing forage under climatic uncertainty.