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Related Concept Videos

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

180
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
180
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement01:27

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

314
After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt secretion,...
314
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro01:16

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro

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In vitro experiments are crucial for understanding the transport and absorption of drugs through biological materials. These studies employ varied methods such as the diffusion cell method, the everted sac technique, and the everted ring technique.
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
809
Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

2.6K
Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...
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Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport01:24

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

141
Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

A Method for Determination and Simulation of Permeability and Diffusion in a 3D Tissue Model in a Membrane Insert System for Multi-well Plates
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Recent developments in skin mimic systems to predict transdermal permeation.

Laura J Waters1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Science, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK. l.waters@hud.ac.uk.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|May 1, 2015
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Summary

Researchers are developing new experimental methods to accurately predict transdermal permeation, aiming to replace undesirable animal studies. These advanced techniques focus on creating reliable in vitro-in vivo correlations for drug development.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Transdermal permeation is crucial for drug delivery, but in vivo studies are ethically and practically undesirable.
  • The skin's natural barrier function presents challenges for predicting drug absorption.
  • There is a significant need for reliable experimental techniques to predict transdermal permeation accurately.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the importance of permeation data in transdermal drug delivery.
  • To discuss the limitations and ethical concerns associated with in vivo studies.
  • To explore and evaluate various alternative in vitro methods for predicting transdermal permeation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on transdermal permeation models.
  • Analysis of 'skin mimic systems' including synthetic membranes, mathematical models (QSPRs), human skin equivalents, and chromatographic methods.
  • Evaluation of the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for each method.

Main Results:

  • Various in vitro models, such as synthetic membranes, QSPRs, and human skin equivalents, have been developed to mimic skin permeation.
  • The primary goal of these models is to establish a reliable in vitro-in vivo correlation.
  • The relevance and applicability of these model systems for replacing animal studies are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate prediction of transdermal permeation without in vivo studies is achievable through advanced experimental techniques.
  • Establishing a robust in vitro-in vivo correlation is key to validating these alternative methods.
  • These validated methods offer a promising alternative to animal testing for transdermal permeation determination.