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Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

7.4K
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Preparation of Meiotic Chromosome Spreads from Mouse Oocytes for Assessment of Synapsis and Recombination
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Meiotic recombination hotspots - a comparative view.

Kyuha Choi1, Ian R Henderson1

  • 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|May 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Meiotic recombination hotspots guide genetic exchange during meiosis. Understanding these hotspots reveals genome evolution and can accelerate crop breeding by optimizing genetic variation.

Keywords:
DNA motifschromatinhotspotsmeiosisrecombination

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Meiosis involves homologous chromosome pairing and genetic exchange (crossover).
  • Meiotic recombination influences genetic variation patterns and is crucial for crop breeding.
  • Recombination initiates from DNA double-strand breaks, processed into single-stranded DNA for strand invasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methodologies for profiling meiotic recombination hotspots across eukaryotes.
  • To discuss factors specifying hotspot location and activity.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding hotspots for population genetics, genome evolution, and crop improvement.

Main Methods:

  • Review of various methodologies used to profile meiotic recombination hotspots.
  • Analysis of studies across different eukaryote species.
  • Examination of genetic and epigenetic factors influencing hotspot activity.

Main Results:

  • Meiotic recombination is not uniform, with frequencies concentrated in narrow hotspots.
  • Hotspot locations and activity are influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors.
  • Diverse methods exist to profile hotspots at different stages of the meiotic recombination pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding meiotic recombination hotspots is vital for interpreting genetic variation and eukaryotic genome evolution.
  • Hotspot manipulation offers potential for accelerating crop breeding by overcoming limitations in recombination distribution.