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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

2.4K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
2.4K
Radical Equations01:26

Radical Equations

515
Radical equations are mathematical expressions in which the variable is found within a radical, most commonly a square root or cube root. These equations frequently arise in science, engineering, and real-world measurements involving nonlinear relationships. To solve a radical equation, the standard procedure is to isolate the radical expression and then eliminate the radical by raising each side to a power equal to the index of the radical. This process may lead to extraneous...
515
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

2.4K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
2.4K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

3.0K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
3.0K
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.7K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.7K
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

2.6K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
2.6K

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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
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A more radical solution.

Peter J Lachmann1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom. pjl1000@cam.ac.uk.

Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials
|May 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study proposes a radical overhaul of drug licensing, suggesting medicines be available after Phase 2 trials. This accelerates development and lowers costs, but requires legal changes for liability.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Regulatory Science
  • Medical Ethics

Background:

  • Current drug licensing procedures are fundamentally flawed despite recent modifications.
  • Existing systems create lengthy development timelines and high costs for new medicines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a radical alternative to current drug licensing procedures.
  • To explore the feasibility of making medicines available post-Phase 2 trials.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of existing drug development and licensing frameworks.
  • Examination of potential benefits and obstacles of an expedited approval process.

Main Results:

  • Eliminating Phase 3 trials could significantly shorten drug development timelines.
  • Reduced development costs and increased opportunities for smaller pharmaceutical companies.
  • Informed consent from patients willing to accept risks is central to the proposal.

Conclusions:

  • A paradigm shift in drug licensing, moving beyond Phase 2 trials, offers substantial advantages.
  • The primary barrier is the legal framework of strict liability for medicines, necessitating reform.
  • This novel approach could accelerate therapeutic innovation and patient access to novel treatments.