World perspective and celiac disease epidemiology.

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Gastroenterology
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Celiac disease (CD) prevalence is approximately 1% in Europe and the USA, with regional variations.
• A rising incidence of CD is observed in Western countries, while diagnosis rates are low in North Africa, the Middle East, and India due to limited resources and awareness.
• The Saharawi population exhibits the world's highest CD prevalence (5.6%), potentially linked to dietary shifts and genetic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the global prevalence and distribution of celiac disease.
• To explore potential reasons for regional variations in CD frequency.
• To highlight the need for increased awareness and improved diagnostic strategies worldwide.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing epidemiological data on celiac disease prevalence.
• Analysis of factors contributing to CD incidence, including genetics and diet.
• Discussion of diagnostic challenges and screening strategies.

Main Results:

• Global CD prevalence is around 1%, with significant regional disparities.
• The Saharawi population shows exceptionally high CD rates.
• Western dietary patterns may increase CD risk in developing nations.

Conclusions:

• Further research is needed in under-diagnosed regions like Sub-Saharan Africa and the Far East.
• Enhanced public awareness and cost-effective screening policies can reduce the burden of untreated CD.
• The long-term co-evolution of gluten consumption and genetic predisposition likely influences current CD prevalence.